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Compaction characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) were determined in the laboratory and in the field as a function of moisture content, compactive effort, and seasonal effects. Laboratory tests were conducted on manufactur...
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Compaction characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) were determined in the laboratory and in the field as a function of moisture content, compactive effort, and seasonal effects. Laboratory tests were conducted on manufactured wastes using modified and 4X modified efforts. Field tests were conducted at a MSW landfill in Michigan on incoming wastes without modifications to size, shape, or composition, using typical operational compaction equipment and procedures. Field tests generally included higher efforts and resulted in higher unit weights at higher water contents than the laboratory tests. Moisture addition to Wastes in the field was more effective in winter than in summer due to dry initial conditions and potential thawing and softening of wastes. The measured parameters in the laboratory were γ_(dmax-mod)=5.2 kN/m~3, w_(opt-mod)=65%, γ_(daax-4×mod)=6.0 kN/m~3, and w_(opt-4×mod)=56%; in the field with effort were γ_(dmax-low)=5.7 kN/m~3, w_(opt-low)=70%; γ_(dmax-high)=8.2 kN/m~3, and w_(opt-high)=73%; and in the field with season were γ_(dmax-cold) = 8.2 kN/m~3, w_(cold)=79.5%, γ_(dmax-warm)=6.1 kN/m~3, and w_(warm)=70.5%. Soil compaction theory was reasonably applicable to wastes with the exception that the G_s of waste solids increased with compactive effort resulting in steep degree of saturation curves and low change in w_(opt) between efforts. Moisture addition to wastes during compaction increased the workability, the unit weight, and the amount of incoming wastes disposed, and reduced the compaction time. The combined effects have significant environmental and economic implications for landfill operations.
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Regulation is a key tool for implementing municipal solid waste (MSW) management strategies and plans. While local authorities in Israel are responsible for the storage, collection, and disposal of MSW, Israel's Ministry of Enviro...
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Regulation is a key tool for implementing municipal solid waste (MSW) management strategies and plans. While local authorities in Israel are responsible for the storage, collection, and disposal of MSW, Israel's Ministry of Environmental Protection (MoEP) is responsible for the formulation and implementation of waste management policies and legislation. For the past 12 years, about 80% of the MSW in Israel has been landfilled and recycling rates have not increased, despite regulations. This paper presents the state of MSW management in Israel in light of the MoEP's strategic goal of landfilling reduction, the regulations and legislation designed and implemented for achieving this goal, and the ensuing results. Among other things, the results indicate the importance of monitoring and assessing policy and regulations to examine whether regulation is in fact effective and whether it keeps track of its own targets and goals or not. It is also concluded that even when there is an extensive regulation that includes a wide range of laws, economic penalties and financial incentives (such as landfill levy and financing of MSW separation at source arrangements), this does not guarantee proper treatment or even an improvement in waste management. The key to success is first and foremost a suitable infrastructure that will enable achievement of the desired results.
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Every year, many religious events attended by 300 million pilgrims take place in many holy cities and sites around the world. However, research on municipal solid waste is limited despite the reputation of religious events to gene...
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Every year, many religious events attended by 300 million pilgrims take place in many holy cities and sites around the world. However, research on municipal solid waste is limited despite the reputation of religious events to generate substantial amounts of waste. This research aims to address this gap and contribute to new knowledge on municipal solid waste management at religious events by investigating and evaluating the municipal solid waste management system applied at the Arba'een event in Kerbala, one of the largest religious events in Iraq. Field observations and in-depth interviews with nine senior managers from Kerbala's municipalities were conducted during the event in 2016, to develop an overall picture of the municipal solid waste management system applied during the event. The data were analysed using thematic analysis and fed to the 'Wasteaware' benchmark indicators framework to evaluate the performance of the event system. The results indicated that the system suffers from operational and governance weaknesses. Despite a focus on municipal solid waste collection and transportation, the collection coverage is only similar to 70%. There is no controlled landfill site in Kerbala. It is estimated that currently similar to 5% of the event municipal solid waste is recycled by informal recyclers: there is no formal recycling scheme. Kerbala does not perform well regarding governance. The inclusivity of providers and users of the municipal solid waste management services is minimal during the event, as the majority of stakeholders are not included in decision-making processes. Municipal solid waste management services are delivered free of charge, thus significantly influencing the financial sustainability of the system. This study recommends that MSW recycling should be encouraged through integrating the informal sector, improving public awareness and introducing a formal recycling scheme to make the event municipal solid waste management system effective and financially sustainable.
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Although the use of anthropogenic food sources by carnivores is well documented, few studies have investigated the potential for these sites to influence the movements of livestock predators. We capitalized on a natural experiment...
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Although the use of anthropogenic food sources by carnivores is well documented, few studies have investigated the potential for these sites to influence the movements of livestock predators. We capitalized on a natural experiment in which a refuse pit, utilized by a group of intensively monitored spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, was closed midway through monitoring efforts. We compared hyena space use patterns before and after closure, while controlling for other variables, to investigate the influence of the pit on home range size, core area size and location, and the proximity of hyenas to dens and the refuse pit itself. We also investigated the influence of prey abundance and the social ranks of individual hyenas on variation in frequency of pit utilization. We found home range size to increase and core area size to decrease following pit closure. Space use was clearly influenced by the pit, as the group core area included the refuse site only while it was in operation, and hyenas were found closer to the pit before than after its closure. The most common rank group observed feeding at the pit were low-ranking females, and regular pit users were more likely to be found near the pit during times of relative prey scarcity. We discuss the potential of human refuse at pastoral villages to increase livestock losses to hyenas.
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The solid waste, namely municipal solid waste, generated in big cities, is a mixture of all kinds of materials produced by many industries for the use of human beings where they throw away the unusable parts all together in contai...
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The solid waste, namely municipal solid waste, generated in big cities, is a mixture of all kinds of materials produced by many industries for the use of human beings where they throw away the unusable parts all together in containers or plastic bags. Such kinds of mixed material consists of recyclable components that will be used for the production of secondary materials and nonrecyclable components, which will be treated to produce some other matter for conservation of natural sources and the sake of environment. In order to design a sustainable managing system of municipal solid waste (MSW) components (MSWC), the generation rate of, percentage of, and some properties of each component in MSW have to be known. In this study, it has been investigated to determine some data about the MSWC generated by the community in order to support the integrated solid waste management system in Eskisehir, Turkey. Therefore, samples of MSW have been collected for a year to determine the change in MSWC with season and socioeconomic structure of residents. On the other hand, SPSS 10.0 statistical software was used to determine the correlation coefficients of MSWC and higher heating value (HHV) relative to the temperature of seasons and socioeconomic structure of the residents. For the determinations of the amount of MSWC, the MSW samples, collected, were separated into the groups of: paper–cardboard, metals, glass, plastics, food wastes, ash, and miscellaneous, manually. The current situation, including recycling and recovering of MSWC and disposing of solid waste in Eskisehir, was characterized. Also, moisture content and higher heating value of the waste were determined. It was found that the percentages of the components of the solid waste (on a wet basis) in Eskisehir were: paper–cardboard 10.07%, metals 1.26%, glass 2.49%, plastics 5.62%, food wastes 67.06%, ash 3.86%, and miscellaneous 9.64%. According to statistical analysis, it was seen that the effects of socioeconomical changes on waste composition is very great. It was concluded that local authorities must use these results to achive a sustainable and an integrated solid waste management system for the evaluation of all the components.
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摘要 :
The solid waste, namely municipal solid waste, generated in big cities, is a mixture of all kinds of materials produced by many industries for the use of human beings where they throw away the unusable parts all together in contai...
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The solid waste, namely municipal solid waste, generated in big cities, is a mixture of all kinds of materials produced by many industries for the use of human beings where they throw away the unusable parts all together in containers or plastic bags. Such kinds of mixed material consists of recyclable components that will be used for the production of secondary materials and nonrecyclable components, which will be treated to produce some other matter for conservation of natural sources and the sake of environment. In order to design a sustainable managing system of municipal solid waste (MSW) components (MSWC), the generation rate of, percentage of, and some properties of each component in MSW have to be known. In this study, it has been investigated to determine some data about the MSWC generated by the community in order to support the integrated solid waste management system in Eskisehir, Turkey. Therefore, samples of MSW have been collected for a year to determine the change in MSWC with season and socioeconomic structure of residents. On the other hand, SPSS 10.0 statistical software was used to determine the correlation coefficients of MSWC and higher heating value (HHV) relative to the temperature of seasons and socioeconomic structure of the residents. For the determinations of the amount of MSWC, the MSW samples, collected, were separated into the groups of: paper–cardboard, metals, glass, plastics, food wastes, ash, and miscellaneous, manually. The current situation, including recycling and recovering of MSWC and disposing of solid waste in Eskisehir, was characterized. Also, moisture content and higher heating value of the waste were determined. It was found that the percentages of the components of the solid waste (on a wet basis) in Eskisehir were: paper–cardboard 10.07%, metals 1.26%, glass 2.49%, plastics 5.62%, food wastes 67.06%, ash 3.86%, and miscellaneous 9.64%. According to statistical analysis, it was seen that the effects of socioeconomical changes on waste composition is very great. It was concluded that local authorities must use these results to achive a sustainable and an integrated solid waste management system for the evaluation of all the components.
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This article deals with the challenges and obstacles facing the management of Urban Solid Waste (MSW) in the municipalities of ABC Paulista. In compliance with the guidelines imposed by the National Solid Waste Policy 12,305/2010,...
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This article deals with the challenges and obstacles facing the management of Urban Solid Waste (MSW) in the municipalities of ABC Paulista. In compliance with the guidelines imposed by the National Solid Waste Policy 12,305/2010, which determined that the entire city has a duty to create the PMGRS (Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan), and the creation of measures for constant changes in the collection of municipal waste and in the treatment and disposal of MSW. The objective of this article is to identify the level of sustainability in solid waste management in the following municipalities: Santo Andre, Sao Bernardo and sao Caetano do Sul. The methodology used in this article was divided into three parts, the first part being the collection of primary and secondary data, the second was the integrated diagnosis of the results and, finally, the future prospects in relation to a proposal for new scenarios for the municipalities studied. The municipalities presented different results, and some positive aspects, the municipality of Santo Andre has excelled in most of the scenarios, even with all the presented obstacles. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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摘要 :
The solid waste, namely municipal solid waste, generated in big cities, is a mixture of all kinds of materials produced by many industries for the use of human beings where they throw away the unusable parts all together in contai...
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The solid waste, namely municipal solid waste, generated in big cities, is a mixture of all kinds of materials produced by many industries for the use of human beings where they throw away the unusable parts all together in containers or plastic bags. Such kinds of mixed material consists of recyclable components that will be used for the production of secondary materials and nonrecyclable components, which will be treated to produce some other matter for conservation of natural sources and the sake of environment. In order to design a sustainable managing system of municipal solid waste (MSW) components (MSWC), the generation rate of, percentage of, and some properties of each component in MSW have to be known. In this study, it has been investigated to determine some data about the MSWC generated by the community in order to support the integrated solid waste management system in Eskisehir, Turkey. Therefore, samples of MSW have been collected for a year to determine the change in MSWC with season and socioeconomic structure of residents. On the other hand, SPSS 10.0 statistical software was used to determine the correlation coefficients of MSWC and higher heating value (HHV) relative to the temperature of seasons and socioeconomic structure of the residents. For the determinations of the amount of MSWC, the MSW samples, collected, were separated into the groups of: paper-cardboard, metals, glass, plastics, food wastes, ash, and miscellaneous, manually. The current situation, including recycling and recovering of MSWC and disposing of solid waste in Eskisehir, was characterized. Also, moisture content and higher heating value of the waste were determined. It was found that the percentages of the components of the solid waste (on a wet basis) in Eskisehir were: paper-cardboard 10.07%, metals 1.26%, glass 2.49%, plastics 5.62%, food wastes 67.06%, ash 3.86%, and miscellaneous 9.64%. According to statistical analysis, it was seen that the effects of socioeconomical changes on waste composition is very great. It was concluded that local authorities must use these results to achive a sustainable and an integrated solid waste management system for the evaluation of all the components.
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Due to enhanced economic activities and rapid urbanization, waste generation has increased dramatically in the last few decades. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a challenging problem for developing countries. India prod...
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Due to enhanced economic activities and rapid urbanization, waste generation has increased dramatically in the last few decades. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a challenging problem for developing countries. India produces 42.0 million tons of municipal solid waste annually at present. Annual increase in overall quantity of solid waste is assessed at about 5% and nearly three-fourths of the waste is generated in urban areas. MSW amount is expected to increase significantly in the near future as the country strives to attain an industrialized nation status by the year 2020. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation in Mumbai is highest being 5,355 (tpd) followed by Delhi and Kolkata being 4000 and 3692 (tpd) respectively. When solid waste is disposed off on land in open dumps or in improperly designed landfills (e.g., in low lying areas), it causes an adverse impact on the environment, such as ground water contamination, generation of inflammable gases, acidity to surrounding soil, release of green house gases etc. The paper discusses the environmental impacts of improper solid waste management, structure and sources of MSW generation and regulations and also deals with the technical details of waste processing method. A brief description of MSW management problem and present scenario in India is also included in the paper, along with health hazards and impact on Environment.
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Changes occurring in lifestyle, consumption pattern and increasing urbanization has resulted in un-controlled generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) across the world. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has turned out to be...
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Changes occurring in lifestyle, consumption pattern and increasing urbanization has resulted in un-controlled generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) across the world. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has turned out to be a critical challengeas the generation of MSW is increasing, with limited options for its management. Various strategies have been tried and tested for obtaining a sustainable result in MSWM. Nonetheless, they have created negative health, environment and social impacts. Further, the attitude of the common man towards the waste he/she generates, often acts as a barrier for adopting sustainable strategies for MSWM. There are two main approaches followed in MSW: centralized and decentralized. There exists an ongoing debate with regard to the efficiency of the two approaches. Taking Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (TMC) in Kerala as a case, this paper examines the merits, demerits and practicability of these two approaches, and tries to suggest a sustainable model to curb the issue of MSWM.
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